A federal appeals court on Friday ruled against outgoing President Joe Biden's effort to protect illegal immigrants brought to the U.S. as children, siding with Texas just days before President-elect Donald Trump takes office.

The 5th Circuit Court of Appeals in New Orleans largely upheld a 2023 lower court judge's decision that found a Biden administration regulation aimed at strengthening the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program did not remedy its legal deficiencies but limited the scope of the ruling to the state of Texas.

The program for "Dreamer" immigrants brought to the U.S. illegally as children provides 537,000 people with deportation relief and work permits, according to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services data.

The appeals court left in place a stay that allows current DACA enrollees to retain the quasi-legal status pending the outcome of litigation. Trump plans to embark on a sweeping immigration crackdown after he takes office Monday and aims to deport record numbers of illegal immigrants in the U.S. He sought to terminate the DACA program during his first term but was rebuffed by the Supreme Court. In a December interview, Trump said he was open to a deal with Democrats to protect 'Dreamers.'

Biden issued a regulation in 2022 that aimed to fortify the legal standing of the DACA program but was challenged by Texas and a coalition of states with Republican attorneys general. The states argued DACA saddled their states with added healthcare and education costs.

Democrats and immigration advocates said DACA enrollees came to the U.S. through no fault of their own and now are law-abiding, contributing members of American society.

About 81% of DACA enrollees were Mexican, according to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services data. Other top countries include El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras.